Redstone wire
Redstone wire is basically the same as a piece of wire in real life. However this redstone has a resistance, when placing multiple pieces of redstone dust down on the floor to act as the wiring, you can see that when powered it will only travel 15 blocks before the power ends. This can be excluded by adding a redstone repeater but due to this it will add some delay. if using redstone to make a signal from one place go far away to another. then putting repeaters would be the best way, however repeaters have some delay before the power is boosted, you can see this by simply right clicking a redstone repeater on the ground and it will change timing settings, the two torch like blocks on the repeater will spread apart, the further apart the torches then the longer the delay will be.
Logic Gates
Logic gates are the advanced part of redstone. Many different logic gates exist and they can all be seen on the Minecraft Redstone Wiki CLICK HERE TO GO THERE
Below are some example of "Simple" versions of the most used logic gates!